Louis XVI, last king of the Ancien Régime, faced financial crisis, the summoning of the Estates-General, and the Revolution. Deposed in 1792, he was executed in January 1793.
Reform attempts
Ministers (Turgot, Necker, Calonne) tried to reform taxation and debt; resistance of privileged bodies blocked durable solutions.
Revolution
1789: National Assembly, fall of the Bastille, end of feudal rights. Flight to Varennes (1791) destroyed remaining trust. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792.